VAT Calculation
Add VAT (Net → Gross)
Remove VAT (Gross → Net)
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Add or remove VAT at 20%, 5% or 0%, HMRC 2026 rates
You must register for VAT if your taxable turnover exceeds £90,000 in a 12-month period (2026/27). You can also register voluntarily below this threshold.
Most businesses file VAT returns every 3 months via HMRC's Making Tax Digital (MTD). Deadline: 1 month + 7 days after quarter end.
Simplified VAT for small businesses. You pay a flat % of gross turnover instead of reclaiming input VAT. Good if you have low expenses.
Goods exported outside the UK are zero-rated. Keep proof of export. EU sales after Jan 2021 are treated as exports (zero-rated for VAT).
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Registration is required once taxable turnover passes the threshold in any rolling twelve-month period. You can register voluntarily below it, which is often worth doing if your customers are VAT-registered businesses.
Zero-rated sales are taxable at 0% and you can still reclaim VAT on your purchases. Exempt sales are outside VAT entirely, and you cannot reclaim input VAT against them, a significant difference for cash flow.
It simplifies filing by charging a flat percentage of gross turnover instead of tracking input VAT. It usually helps businesses with low expenses and costs money for businesses buying a lot of VAT-bearing stock.
Goods leaving the UK are generally zero-rated, provided you keep proof of export. Sales to EU customers are treated as exports, and the buyer handles import VAT in their own country.
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